Ground treatments for soft clays below the water table
Water in tunnels represents a challenge in any geological condition. When dealing with cohesive material, this aspect might bring additional problems linked to the low permeability, which does not allow effective and quick drainage to stabilize the ground around the tunnel. Ordinary draina- ge systems are an effective method, especially in higher permeability grounds, but these are losing efficacy in soft clays. This paper focuses on an innovative technique for stabilizing the tunnel face and surrounding ground by using a special soil nail consisting of a fiberglass bar element and an external sheath devised to contain the injected grout, which can also be integrated with a coaxial drain. The advantage of this technique is not only a decrease in the pore water pressure but also an increase of cohesion and elastic modulus over time thanks to the induced consolidation process of the clay and a consequent improvement of the mechanical characteristics.
Water in tunnels represents a challenge in any geological condition. When dealing with cohesive material, this aspect might bring additional problems linked to the low permeability, which does not allow effective and quick drainage to stabilize the ground around the tunnel. Ordinary draina- ge systems are an effective method, especially in higher permeability grounds, but these are losing efficacy in soft clays. This paper focuses on an innovative technique for stabilizing the tunnel face and surrounding ground by using a special soil nail consisting of a fiberglass bar element and an external sheath devised to contain the injected grout, which can also be integrated with a coaxial drain. The advantage of this technique is not only a decrease in the pore water pressure but also an increase of cohesion and elastic modulus over time thanks to the induced consolidation process of the clay and a consequent improvement of the mechanical characteristics.
CiteScore: 2020: 3.8 CiteScore measures the average citations received per peer-reviewed document published in this title. CiteScore values are based on citation counts in a range of four years (e.g. 2016-2019) to peer-reviewed documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, data papers and book chapters) published in the same four calendar years, divided by the number of these documents in these same four years (e.g. 2016 —19).
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 2019: 1.307 SNIP measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2019: o.657 SJR is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and a qualitative measure of the journal's impact.
Journal Metrics:
CiteScore: 1.0
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Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 0.381
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 0.163