Crossing hydrogeological and ecological sensitive aquifers, water ingress can occur, which can lead to irreversible damage to hydrogeological and ecological systems. In order to avoid this, the rock mass surrounding these hydrogeological sensitive tunnel sections is sealed by injections to reduce the hydraulic permeability, the water inflows and consequently the regional water level drawdowns. In deep tunnels, complete sealing is not possible due to the high water pressures.
Residual water volumes will continue to enter the tunnel. The magnitude...

The Po Plain in northern Italy is a rapidly subsiding sedimentary basin characterized by a complex geological history that created an extensive fold and fault system that hosts numerous underground hydrocarbon reservoirs. The evolution of the basin is not only governed by natural factors but also by anthropogenic factors that affect both the shallower and deeper sedimentary layers. The Emilia-Romagna...